Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Viperin: Advancing Therapy Across Diverse Viral Infections

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69547/TSFJB.020101

Keywords:

nanoparticles, gene, delivery system, viperin, antiviral activity, immune response

Abstract

Nanotechnology-based delivery systems hold immense potential to revolutionize antiviral therapy by providing efficient mechanisms of gene delivery systems. Nanoparticles, with their specific characteristics and various properties, offer intriguing potential for improving the efficacy and specificity of antiviral therapies. Viral infection in a host cell triggers a range of host immune responses to prevent viral invasion through the activity of different antiviral proteins. Among these proteins, viperin plays a crucial role in the host's innate immune response against a broad range of viral diseases. Despite its promise, challenges with the delivery and expression of viperin in host cells, restrict its therapeutic application. This review investigates nanoparticle-based gene delivery systems as a potential approach for enhancing viperin activity. Nanoparticles offer a diverse platform for the targeted delivery of therapeutic genes such as viperin, improving efficacy while reducing off-target consequences. Viperin's encapsulation within nanoparticles protects it from degradation, resulting in efficient delivery to target cells and stimulating its antiviral activity. This highlights the latest advances in applications of nanoparticle design and engineering strategies for viperin delivery, including as lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan and carbon-based nanoparticles. These nanocarriers offer precise control over viperin distribution, release dynamics, and cellular absorption, enhancing viperin's therapeutic potential against viral infections. So, the current approach can use a nanoparticle-based gene delivery system to improve antiviral therapies by employing viperin's diverse properties in dealing with a wide variety of viral diseases.

References

Du M, Chen Y, Tu J, et al. Ultrasound responsive magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles for efficient gene delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2020;6(5):2904-2912. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00014

Rahimi A, Esmaeili Y, Dana N, et al. A comprehensive review on novel targeted therapy methods and nanotechnology-based gene delivery systems in melanoma. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2023:106476.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106476

Bi Q, Song X, Hu A, et al. Magnetofection: Magic magnetic nanoparticles for efficient gene delivery. CCL. 2020;31(12):3041-3046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2020.07.030

Hu SW, Ding T, Tang H, Guo H, Cui W, Shu Y. Nanobiomaterial vectors for improving gene editing and gene therapy. Mater Today. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2023.04.011

Sahu DK, Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Kar B, Ghosh G, Rath G. Recent trends in nanocarrier based approach in the management of dry eye disease. J Drug Deliv Technol. 2021;66:102868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102868

Pramanik PKD, Solanki A, Debnath A, Nayyar A, El-Sappagh S, Kwak K-S. Advancing modern healthcare with nanotechnology, nanobiosensors, and internet of nano things: Taxonomies, applications, architecture, and challenges. IEEE. 2020;8:65230-65266. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2984269

Ebrahimi N, Manavi MS, Nazari A, et al. Nano-scale delivery systems for siRNA delivery in cancer therapy: New era of gene therapy empowered by nanotechnology. Environ Res. 2023:117263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117263

Wang W, Zhou X, Bian Y, et al. Dual-targeting nanoparticle vaccine elicits a therapeutic antibody response against chronic hepatitis B. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(5):406-416. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0648-y

Brunetti G, Padovani F, De Pastina A, et al. Nanotechnological immunoassay for rapid label-free analysis of candidate malaria vaccines. Nanoscale. 2021;13(4):2338-2349. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR08083G

Afshari H, Maleki M, Salouti M. Immunological effects of two new nanovaccines against Brucella based on OPS and LPS antigens conjugated with PLGA nanoparticles. Eur Polym J. 2020;139:110021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110021

Talebian S, Wallace GG, Schroeder A, Stellacci F, Conde J. Nanotechnology-based disinfectants and sensors for SARS-CoV-2. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(8):618-621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0751-0

Chauhan G, Madou MJ, Kalra S, Chopra V, Ghosh D, Martinez-Chapa SO. Nanotechnology for COVID-19: therapeutics and vaccine research. ACS nano. 2020;14(7):7760-7782. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c04006

Liu R, Luo C, Pang Z, et al. Advances of nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for disease diagnosis and treatment. CCL. 2023;34(2):107518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.032

Kundu M, Chatterjee S, Ghosh N, Manna P, Das J, Sil PC. Tumor targeted delivery of umbelliferone via a smart mesoporous silica nanoparticles controlled-release drug delivery system for increased anticancer efficiency. Mater sci eng. 2020;116:111239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111239

Mitchell MJ, Billingsley MM, Haley RM, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA, Langer R. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(2):101-124.

Ahmadi S, Rabiee N, Bagherzadeh M, et al. Stimulus-responsive sequential release systems for drug and gene delivery. Nano today. 2020;34:100914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100914

Mousazadeh H, Bonabi E, Zarghami N. Stimulus-responsive drug/gene delivery system based on polyethylenimine cyclodextrin nanoparticles for potential cancer therapy. Carbohydr Polym. 2022;276:118747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118747

Maus A, Strait L, Zhu D. Nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for antiviral therapeutic drugs. ER. 2021;2:31-46.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engreg.2021.03.001

Hadian M, Fathi M, Mohammadi A, et al. Characterization of chitosan/Persian gum nanoparticles for encapsulation of Nigella sativa extract as an antiviral agent against avian coronavirus. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024:130749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130749

Kashapov R, Ibragimova A, Pavlov R, et al. Nanocarriers for biomedicine: From lipid formulations to inorganic and hybrid nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(13):7055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137055

Khizar S, Alrushaid N, Khan FA, et al. Nanocarriers based novel and effective drug delivery system. Int J Pharm. 2023;632:122570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122570

Bala TSI, Subramanyam C. Formulation and Evaluation of Lipid Based Nanoparticles of Etravirine. JDDT. 2024;14(1):79-90. doi:https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i1.6373

Mei X, Li J, Wang Z, et al. An inhaled bioadhesive hydrogel to shield non-human primates from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Mater. 2023;22(7):903-912. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-023-01475-7

Kwee Y, Zhou Y, Fahmi MZ, Sharon M, Kristanti AN. Progress on applying carbon dots for inhibition of RNA virus infection. Nanotheranostics. 2022;6(4):436. https://doi.org/10.7150/ntno.73918

Kovendan K, Fabiola M, Jebanesan A, Rajaganesh R. Green synthesis of Malvastrum coromandelianum fabricated AgNPs: Anti-dengue and mosquitocidal studies. Inorg Chem Commun. 2024;161:112067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.112067

Khater SE, El-Khouly A, Abdel-Bar HM, Al-Mahallawi AM, Ghorab DM. Fluoxetine hydrochloride loaded lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles showed possible efficiency against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int J Pharm. 2021;607:121023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121023

Elveborg S, Monteil VM, Mirazimi A. Methods of inactivation of highly pathogenic viruses for molecular, serology or vaccine development purposes. Pathog. 2022;11(2):271. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020271

Domingo E, García-Crespo C, Lobo-Vega R, Perales C. Mutation rates, mutation frequencies, and proofreading-repair activities in RNA virus genetics. Viruses. 2021;13(9):1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091882

Ndii MZ, Anggriani N, Messakh JJ, Djahi BS. Estimating the reproduction number and designing the integrated strategies against dengue. Results Phys. 2021;27:104473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104473

Adiguna SbP, Panggabean JA, Atikana A, et al. Antiviral activities of andrographolide and its derivatives: Mechanism of action and delivery system. Pharm. 2021;14(11):1102. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ph14111102

Lalani S, Gew LT, Poh CL. Antiviral peptides against Enterovirus A71 causing hand, foot and mouth disease. Pept. 2021;136:170443. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.peptides.2020.170443

Iszatt JJ, Larcombe AN, Chan H-K, Stick SM, Garratt LW, Kicic A. Phage therapy for multi-drug resistant respiratory tract infections. Viruses. 2021;13(9):1809. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091809

Kumar N, Sharma S, Kumar R, et al. Host-directed antiviral therapy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;33(3):10.1128/cmr. 00168-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00168-19

Radley A, De Bruin M, Inglis SK, et al. Clinical effectiveness of pharmacist-led versus conventionally delivered antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus in patients receiving opioid substitution therapy: a pragmatic, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(9):809-818. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S2468-1253(20)30120-5

Shah S, Chougule MB, Kotha AK, et al. Nanomedicine based approaches for combating viral infections. JCR. 2021;338:80-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.011

Ghosh S, Marsh ENG. Viperin: An ancient radical SAM enzyme finds its place in modern cellular metabolism and innate immunity. JBC. 2020;295(33):11513-11528. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc. REV120.012784

Rivera-Serrano EE, Gizzi AS, Arnold JJ, Grove TL, Almo SC, Cameron CE. Viperin reveals its true function. Annu Rev Virol. 2020;7:421-446. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-011720-095930

Hsu JC-C, Laurent-Rolle M, Pawlak JB, et al. Viperin triggers ribosome collision-dependent translation inhibition to restrict viral replication. Mol Cell. 2022;82(9):1631-1642. e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2022.02.031

Weinstein AG, Godet I, Gilkes DM. The rise of viperin: the emerging role of viperin in cancer progression. JCI. 2022;132(24) https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI165907

Huang L, Zhu X, Kuang J, et al. Molecular and functional characterization of viperin in golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2023;142:109098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109098

Ebrahimi KH, Howie D, Rowbotham JS, McCullagh J, Armstrong FA, James WS. Viperin, through its radical‐SAM activity, depletes cellular nucleotide pools and interferes with mitochondrial metabolism to inhibit viral replication. FEBS. 2020;594(10):1624-1630. https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.13761

Islam KU, Anwar S, Patel AA, et al. Global lipidome profiling revealed multifaceted role of lipid species in hepatitis C virus replication, assembly, and host antiviral response. Viruses. 2023;15(2):464. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020464

Hoffman BM, Broderick WE, Broderick JB. Mechanism of radical initiation in the radical SAM enzyme superfamily. Annu Rev Biochem. 2023;92:333-349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-052621-090638

Honarmand Ebrahimi K, Rowbotham JS, McCullagh J, James WS. Mechanism of diol dehydration by a promiscuous radical‐SAM enzyme homologue of the antiviral enzyme viperin (RSAD2). ChemBioChem. 2020;21(11):1605-1612. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900776

Liang Y, Liang Y, Wang Q, et al. Viperin inhibits interferon-γ production to promote Mycobacteria tuberculosis infection by disrupting TBK1-IKKε-IRF3-axis and JAK-STAT signaling. 2023. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2993485/v1

Xu C, Feng L, Chen P, et al. Viperin inhibits classical swine fever virus replication by interacting with viral nonstructural 5A protein. J Med Virol. 2020;92(2):149-160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25595

Tseng Y-Y, Gowripalan A, Croft SN, et al. Viperin has species-specific roles in response to herpes simplex virus infection. J Gen Virol. 2021;102(8):001638. doi:https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001638

Li W, Li J, Sun M, et al. Viperin protein inhibits the replication of caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 (CPIV 3) by interaction with viral N protein. Antivir Res. 2020;184:104903. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104903

Farrukee R, Ait-Goughoulte M, Saunders PM, Londrigan SL, Reading PC. Host cell restriction factors of paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses. Viruses. 2020;12(12):1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121381

Jiao H, Yan Z, Zhai X, et al. Transcriptome screening identifies TIPARP as an antiviral host factor against the Getah virus. Virol J. 2023;97(10):e00591-23. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00591-23

Schilling E-M, Scherer M, Stamminger T. Intrinsic immune mechanisms restricting human cytomegalovirus replication. Viruses. 2021;13(2):179. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/v13020179

Al Shujairi W-H, Kris LP, Van der Hoek K, et al. Viperin is anti-viral in vitro but is dispensable for restricting dengue virus replication or induction of innate and inflammatory responses in vivo. J Gen Virol. 2021;102(10):001669. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001669

Qin N, Li M, Zhang H, et al. Single von Willebrand factor C-domain protein confers host defense against white spot syndrome virus by functioning as a pattern recognition receptor in Macrobrachium nipponense. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;241:124520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124520

Grunkemeyer TJ, Ghosh S, Patel AM, et al. Viperin inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis and interacts with enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. bioRxiv. 2021:2021.02.19.431989. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.19.431989

Wu J, Chi H, Fu Y, et al. The antiviral protein viperin interacts with the viral N protein to inhibit proliferation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Arch Virol. 2020;165:2279-2289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04747-8

Zhou X, Xu H, Li Q, et al. Viperin deficiency promotes dendritic cell activation and function via NF-kappaB activation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Inflamm Res. 2023;72(1):27-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-022-01638-3

Zhou X, Zhang Z, Xu H, et al. Viperin impairs the innate immune response through the IRAK1-TRAF6-TAK1 axis to promote Mtb infection. Sci Signal. 2022;15(754):eabe1621. https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.abe1621

Tong O, Duette G, O’Neil TR, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells have divergent effects on HIV infection of initial target cells and induce a pro-retention phenotype. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(4):e1009522. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009522

Patel AM, Marsh ENG. The antiviral enzyme, viperin, activates protein ubiquitination by the E3 ubiquitin ligase, TRAF6. JACS. 2021;143(13):4910-4914. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c01045

Hu H, Feng Y, He M-L. Targeting Type I Interferon Induction and Signaling: How Zika Virus Escapes from Host Innate Immunity. Int J Biol Sci. 2023;19(10):3015. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.83056s

Rojas M, Luz-Crawford P, Soto-Rifo R, Reyes-Cerpa S, Toro-Ascuy D. The landscape of IFN/ISG signaling in HIV-1-infected macrophages and its possible role in the HIV-1 latency. Cells. 2021;10(9):2378. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10092378

Khantisitthiporn O, Shue B, Eyre NS, et al. Viperin interacts with PEX19 to mediate peroxisomal augmentation of the innate antiviral response. Life Sci Alliance. 2021;4(7) https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa. 202000915

Crosse KM, Monson EA, Dumbrepatil AB, et al. Viperin binds STING and enhances the type‐I interferon response following dsDNA detection. ICB. 2021;99(4):373-391. https://doi.org/10.1111/imcb.12420

Lu X, Yi M, Hu Z, et al. Feedback loop regulation between viperin and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus through competing protein degradation pathways. bioRxiv. 2024:2024.01. 09.574905. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.09.574905

Wang H, Qin L, Zhang X, Guan J, Mao S. Mechanisms and challenges of nanocarriers as non-viral vectors of therapeutic genes for enhanced pulmonary delivery. JCR. 2022;352:970-993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.061

Patel AM, Koebke KJ, Grunkemeyer TJ, et al. Purification of the full-length, membrane-associated form of the antiviral enzyme viperin utilizing nanodiscs. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):11909. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41598-022-16233-z

Lim HA, Noh JY, Jang SS, et al. Innate antiviral responses against Shaan virus infection in HEK293, A549 and MARC-145 cells and limited role of viperin against Shaan virus replication. Heliyon. 2023;9(12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22597

Sarkar R, Nandi S, Lo M, Gope A, Chawla-Sarkar M. Viperin, an IFN-stimulated protein, delays rotavirus release by inhibiting non-structural protein 4 (NSP4)-induced intrinsic apoptosis. Viruses. 2021;13(7):1324.

Reslan A, Haddad JG, Desprès P, Bascands J-L, Gadea G. High Glucose Induces in HK2 Kidney Cells an IFN–Dependent ZIKV Antiviral Status Fueled by Viperin. Biomedicines. 2022;10(7):1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ biomedicines10071577

Xiang C, Yang Z, Xiong T, et al. Avian IRF1 and IRF7 play overlapping and distinct roles in regulating IFN-dependent and-independent antiviral responses to duck tembusu virus infection. Viruses. 2022;14(7):1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071506

Sravanthi M, Sebastian R, Krishnaswamy N, et al. Production of polyclonal viperin antisera using N-terminal deleted recombinant bovine viperin. Anim Biotechnol. 2023;34(7):2827-2834. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2022.2120890

Feng Y, Tang F, Feng H. Mannose-modified erythrocyte membrane-encapsulated chitovanic nanoparticles as a DNA vaccine carrier against reticuloendothelial tissue hyperplasia virus. Front immunol. 2023;13:1066268. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1066268

Kan S, Grainge C, Nichol K, et al. TLR7 agonist loaded airway epithelial targeting nanoparticles stimulate innate immunity and suppress viral replication in human bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Pharm. 2022;617:121586. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121586

Wang T, Xu Y, Ling W, et al. Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes is regulated by iron oxides: Insight into the influence on bacterial transformation. Environ Int. 2024:108499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108499

Asadipour E, Asgari M, Mousavi P, Piri‐Gharaghie T, Ghajari G, Mirzaie A. Nano‐Biotechnology and Challenges of Drug Delivery System in Cancer Treatment Pathway. Chem Biodiversity. 2023;20(6):e202201072. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202201072

Zhu M, Lv J, Wang W, et al. CMPK2 is a host restriction factor that inhibits infection of multiple coronaviruses in a cell-intrinsic manner. PLoS Biol. 2023;21(3):e3002039. https://doi.org/10. 1371/journal.pbio.3002039

Huo X, Chang J, Zhang Q, et al. Nanopeptide CI20 remarkably enhances growth performance and disease resistances by improving the mucosal structure, antioxidant capacity, and immunity in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;253:126935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126935

Luo Y, Li J, Huang C, Wang X, Long D, Cao Y. Graphene oxide links alterations of anti-viral signaling pathways with lipid metabolism via suppressing TLR3 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Omics. 2022;18(8):779-790. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MO00086E

Wang Q, Gao Y, Li Q, He A, Xu Q, Mou Y. Enhancing Dendritic Cell Activation Through Manganese-Coated Nanovaccine Targeting the cGAS-STING Pathway. Int J Nanomedicine. 2024:263-280. https://doi.org//10.2147/IJN.S438359

Fenwick MK, Su D, Dong M, Lin H, Ealick SE. Structural basis of the substrate selectivity of viperin. Biochem. 2020;59(5):652-662. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00741

Downloads

Published

2024-05-02

How to Cite

Mushtaq, S. (2024). Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Viperin: Advancing Therapy Across Diverse Viral Infections . TSF Journal of Biology, 2(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.69547/TSFJB.020101

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2024): Discovering Fresh Insights: Volume 2, Issue 1

Section

Review Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Sadia Mushtaq

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Under the following terms:

  1. Attribution - You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
  2. No additional restrictions - You may not apply legal terms ortechnological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.