Effect of Different Feeding Regimes on Growth and Proximate Analysis of Nile Tilapia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69547/TSFJB.030205Keywords:
Animal Feed, Aquaculture, Feed Efficiency, Fish Meal, Growth Rate, Oreochromis niloticus, Protein SupplementationAbstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most widely farmed fish species globally, contributing significantly to nutrition and economic growth, particularly in developing regions. This study examined the effects of diets containing 5%, 7% and 10% fish meal on the growth performance of O. niloticus under controlled aquaculture conditions for 90 days. Fish that fed a 10% fish meal diet (T3) had the best growth performance as compared to other treatment groups. The T3 group showed a significant increase in body weight and body length, which were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to control, T1 and T2 groups (178.92%, 97.64% and 120.96% respectively). This significant improvement in body weight and length illustrates that a 10% of fish meal inclusion rate has been the optimal point of growth efficiency of Nile tilapia, presumably because it increases protein supply and nutrient utilization. The proximate analysis of Nile tilapia also indicate that the high concentration of moisture (80.77 ± 0.81), ash (4.28 ± 0.07), crude fat (3.29 ± 0.11) and Crude Protein (63.06 ± 0.56) was recorded in T3 among the other diet treatments. The results suggest that moderate fish meal supplementation can enhance growth level and sustainable aquaculture production.
References
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. FAO; 2022.
World Bank Group. Revitalizing Pakistan’s Fisheries: Options for Sustainable Development. World Bank; 2018.
Mohsin M, Memon AM, Noman M. Aquaculture in Pakistan: status, opportunities and challenges. Indian J Geo Mar Sci. 2017;46(9):1872-1878. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319306095
Hussain MG, Barman BK, Karim M, Asia S. ISTA10 special issue: progress and the future for tilapia farming and seed production in Bangladesh. 2013.
Subasinghe R, Soto D, Jia J. Global aquaculture and its role in sustainable development. Rev Aquac. 2009;1:2-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2008.01002.x
El-Sayed AFM, Kawanna M. Optimum water temperature boosts the growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry reared in a recycling system. Aquac Res. 2008;39:670-672. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01915.x
Mohamed N, Saad M, Shukry M, El-Keredy A, Nasif O, Doan H, Dawood M. Physiological and ion changes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under the effect of salinity stress. Aquac Rep. 2021;19:100567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100567
Deck CA, Salger SA, Reynolds HM, et al. Nutritional programming in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Effect of low dietary protein on growth and the intestinal microbiome and transcriptome. PLoS One. 2023;18(10):e0292431. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292431
Kari Z, Kabir M, Mat K, et al. The possibility of replacing fish meal with fermented soy pulp on the growth performance, blood biochemistry, liver, and intestinal morphology of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquac Rep. 2021;21:100815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100815
Jiao F, Zhang L, Limbu SM, et al. A comparison of digestive strategies for fishes with different feeding habits: Digestive enzyme activities, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota. Ecol Evol. 2023;13(9):e10499. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10499
Latimer GW Jr, ed. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 22nd ed. Oxford University Press; 2023. ISBN:9780197610138. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197610145.002.001
Islam SM, Rohani MF. Probiotic yeast enhances growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) through morphological modifications of intestine. Aquac Rep. 2021;21:100800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100800
Alemayehu T, Geremew A, Getahun A. The role of functional feed additives in tilapia nutrition. Fish Aquac J. 2018;9:1000249. https://doi.org/10.4172/2150-3508.1000249
Rodrigues EJD, Ito PI, Ribeiro LFM, et al. Phytase supplementation under commercially intensive rearing conditions: Impacts on Nile tilapia growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Animals. 2023;13(1):136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010136
Pazla R, Zain M, Agustin F, et al. Influence of protein-energy balance on growth, production, and reproduction in Pesisir heifers. Adv Anim Vet Sci. 2024;12(3):546-558. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.3.546.558
Ojukannaiy AS, Mogaji OY, Asuwaju F. Growth response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed graded levels of sundried cassava peel meal. J Fish Aquat Sci. 2014;9:382-386. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2014.382.386
Siddik S, Julien B, Islam SM, Francis D. Fermentation in aquafeed processing: Achieving sustainability in feeds for global aquaculture production. Rev Aquac. 2024;16:1-? https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12894
Hussein M. Effects of different feeding rates on growth performance and body composition of red tilapia, Oreochromis mossambiquse x O. niloticus, fingerlings. Int J Aquac. 2015;5:12. https://doi.org/10.5376/ija.2015.05.0012
Li Y, Jia Z, Liang X, Matulic D, Hussein M, Gao J. Growth performance, fatty-acid composition, lipid deposition and hepatic-lipid metabolism-related gene expression in juvenile pond loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus fed diets with different dietary soybean oil levels. J Fish Biol. 2018;92(1):17-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13472
Sîrbu E, Dima MF, Tenciu M, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics on growth, physiological condition, and resistance to pathogens challenge in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fishes. 2022;7(5):273. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes7050273
Li P, Song Z, Huang L, et al. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels in practical formulation on growth, feed utilization, body composition, and serum biochemical parameters of growing rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Aquac Nutr. 2023;2023:9970252. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9970252
Ghaedi A, Khanjani MH. The effect of different dietary protein levels on the water quality and reproductive performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock in biofloc system. J Fish. 2025;13:133206. https://doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.1006
Hassaan MS, Mohammady E, Soaudy M, et al. Synergistic effects of Bacillus pumilus and exogenous protease on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth, gut microbes, immune response and gene expression fed plant protein diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2021;275:114892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114892
Johnson J, Jacobson M, Cole S, et al. Strategies for feeding tilapia in smallholder aquaculture systems: a study of aquaculture feed access and availability in two districts of Northern Province, Zambia. Agroecol
Sustain Food Syst. 2024;49:351-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2024.2421951
Johnson J, Jacobson M, Cole S, et al. Strategies for feeding tilapia in smallholder aquaculture systems: a study of aquaculture feed access and availability in two districts of Northern Province, Zambia. Agroecol Sustain Food Syst. 2024;49:351-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2024.2421951
Onomu AJ, Okuthe GE. The role of functional feed additives in enhancing aquaculture sustainability. Fishes. 2024;9(5):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050167
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Anwar, Aisha Khalid, Roheela Yasmeen, Zahid Sharif
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution - You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions - You may not apply legal terms ortechnological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
